Boards of directors often get media attention when something goes wrong. The board of VW, for instance, was recently in the news after it received a terrible corporate governance rating based on the 2015 emissions scandal and its fallout. Examples of how not to behave as a board are easy to come by.

Yet most boards are not like VW’s because they use good governance to work well. To find out what makes a board chair successful, the INSEAD Corporate Governance Initiative conducted 74 face-to-face interviews with experienced board chairs to produce a research project spanning nine countries—Belgium, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Singapore, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

Since boards of directors are not always transparent, and the role of their chairs doesn’t come with a handbook, we hope this report will shed light on the workings of board chairs. Board chairs share various issues internationally, but how they lead their boards effectively was of particular interest in the study.

All board chairs surveyed considered that their main task is to provide effective board leadership. We found strong similarities in the way chairs from various countries define the job itself and the way they go about it. Chairs play three specific roles: engaging, enabling and encouraging, what we call 3Es leadership.

While the roles of engaging, enabling and encouraging intertwine and reinforce each other, our research uncovered specific practices that board chairs use to perform them individually.

Engage

“You need to make sure they are physically there, they are emotionally engaged, they know what we are talking about, and they put their brains to collective work,” said one chair.

Engaging board members to use their talents in the service of the board is a challenge for the chair. It is no simple task, particularly as most boards meet only a few times a year. Often directors are based in different locations and have multiple affiliations and limited availability.

Two practices to deal with this challenge described by the respondents were setting expectations upfront and maintaining communication between board sessions.

One Swiss chair shared his approach: “I tell every candidate up front—if you are not ready to commit 40 days of your time to this board, let’s stop here.”

Phone calls, dinners, and attention to the board members’ travel help to keep them engaged.

“Dinner with non-executive directors is a good way to re-engage them on the eve of a board meeting,” remarked a chair from the UK.

“I ring every director and ask if they are happy with the next meeting’s agenda or would like to change something,” said a Denmark-based chair.

Enable

“By determining the agenda, how the discussion question is framed, who gets to speak first, I can make a huge difference to the outcome,”a chair said to explain how he sees his role with regards to the board. “I have to use this power wisely for the benefit of the board.”

Enabling board members to work effectively as a group is the second function of the chair. To properly facilitate discussions at board meetings, the chair must plan and prepare pre-meeting, in-meeting and post-meeting work.

Effective chairs make sure the board’s agenda contains strategic, ripe-for-discussion items that no other body in the company can handle. They set a format for board materials, ensure their timely delivery to directors and make sure every board member comes prepared.

In the boardroom, effective chairs facilitate productive discussions by creating a safe atmosphere, framing and reframing discussion questions, allocating significant time for directors’ exchanges and decision-making. In Belgium, one chair explained: “I start with an informal in-camera session. I want to know what goes on in their minds and what their current concerns are. It is a way for all of us to clear our hearts and minds before the official meeting starts.” Good chairs limit management presentations, maximising time for meaningful conversations among board members.

Effective chairs concentrate on enabling the board as a whole to make decisions rather than dominating the group process. Self-restraint is a common practice. “I try to take as little room as possible. My task is to help others to speak their minds,” noted a UK-based chair.

“I rarely express my position. If I do it, I speak last,” said a Russian chair.

“Difficult” board members

Managing “difficult” board members is another challenge for board leaders. Interestingly, our respondents believe that it is more taxing yet more important to handle silent rather than talkative directors. A number of steps were described as useful to contain vocal board members: having a private word in their ear, offering to help (sometimes calling it “coaching”), confronting them directly in the boardroom (“I will have to ask you to stay quiet for the next quarter of an hour”) or making a formal performance evaluation. If nothing works, they resort to recommending that the individual not stand for re-election.

One UK chair commented: “My major task—to make silent directors speak. They are my major under-utilised asset.” Rather than calling on them in the boardroom, he solicits their opinions before the meeting and then presents their views to the board, acknowledging the source. Others ask every director to state his or her opinion as a way to engage otherwise silent members.

Discussions are approached differently depending on the cultural context. In Denmark, one chair said: “Asking questions in a Socratic way, even if you know the answer, is a good way to get other points of view to come alive.” In Russia, board chairs do not mind voting, while in the UK, it is considered a sign of an ineffective board.

Making things easy for directors from outside the country is a method of engagement: “I make sure it’s attractive for board members to come to the Netherlands, taking care of all arrangements during their stay.”

Encourage

“These people (directors) rarely get feedback—they are successful, high-power individuals, but it does not mean they don’t need a pat on the back or a word of encouragement,”explained one respondent. “I regularly let them know how I value their contribution and how they could make it even more valuable.”

Encouraging board members is important to the chair in order to keep the board motivated, engaged and productive. In practice, chairs provide feedback, create an opportunity for reflection and learning, and interconnect the board and the company.

One Russian chair described his way of conducting mini-reflection sessions: “We close every board meeting with a short reflection session. I ask each director three questions: ‘What went well? What did not go so well? What could we have done differently?’”

Off-site reflection is also important. A chair in the UK said: “Once every year, we go to an off-site [meeting] dedicated to improving board dynamics. With the help of a facilitator, we brainstorm how to improve and try out new approaches.”

Personal feedback is a priority for chairs. “I invite every board member to my home for a meal and we talk about their performance and how I could be more helpful,” said one chair in Singapore.

In a forthcoming article, we will explore other aspects of our report, Board Chairs’ Practices across Countries: Commonalities, Differences and Future Trends, including the similarities and differences of chairs in the countries surveyed.

Stanislav Shekshnia  is an INSEAD senior affiliate professor of entrepreneurship and family enterprise. He is also the co-programme director of Leading from the Chair, one of INSEAD’s Board Development Programmes, and a contributing faculty member at the INSEAD Corporate Governance Initiative.

Veronika Zagieva is a project manager at the Talent Equity Institute, an internal Research & Development division of Ward Howell. She specialises in research on the topics of leadership and corporate governance.

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This article first appeared on INSEAD Knowledge.